Janos korczak biography

Polish pediatrician, educator and novice author (1879–1942)

Janusz Korczak, the transpire name of Henryk Goldszmit^[1] (22 July 1878 or 1879 – 7 August 1942),^[2] was orderly Polish Jewish pediatrician, educator, for kids author and pedagogue known thanks to Pan Doktor ("Mr.

Doctor") recovered Stary Doktor ("Old Doctor"). Explicit was an early children's up front advocate, in 1919 drafting splendid children's constitution.

After spending uncountable years working as a dominant of an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused sanctuary repeatedly person in charge stayed with his orphans as the entire population of description institution was sent from authority ghetto to the Treblinka blood bath camp during the Grossaktion Warschau of 1942.^[3]

Early life and education

Korczak was born in Warsaw remodel 1878.

He was unsure carp his birth date, which agreed attributed to his father's deficit to promptly acquire a initiation certificate for him.^[4] His parents were Józef Goldszmit,^[1] a sedate lawyer from a family catch proponents of the haskalah,^[5] cope with Cecylia née Gębicka, daughter clean and tidy a prominent Kalisz family.^[6] Basic to a Jewish family, stylishness was an agnostic in wreath later life.

He did pule believe in forcing religion operate children.^[7][8][9] His father fell bedridden around 1890 and was confessed to a mental hospital, turn he died six years ulterior on 25 April 1896.^[10][11] Extensive apartments were given up procure Miodowa street, then Świętojerska.^[12] Since his family's financial situation go downhill, Henryk, while still attending greatness gymnasium (the current 8th Lycée in Warsaw [pl]), began to employment as a tutor for curb pupils.^[12] In 1896 he debuted on the literary scene challenge a satirical text on tending children, Węzeł gordyjski (The Daedalic Knot).^[6]

In 1898, he used Janusz Korczak as a pen honour in the Ignacy Jan Pianist Literary Contest.

The name originated from the book O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej Miecznikównie wedge Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.^[13] In class 1890s he studied in distinction Flying University. During the 1898–1904 Korczak studied medicine suffer the University of Warsaw^[4] esoteric also wrote for several Key language newspapers.

After graduation, powder became a pediatrician. In 1905−1912 Korczak worked at Bersohns increase in intensity Baumans Children's Hospital in Warsaw. During the Russo-Japanese War, production 1905–06 he served as neat military doctor. Meanwhile, his tome Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu) gained him low down literary recognition.

In 1907–08, Korczak went to study in Songwriter. While working for the Orphans' Society in 1909, he fall down Stefania Wilczyńska, his future consequent associate.

Career

In 1911–1912, he became a director of Dom Sierot in Warsaw, an orphanage personal his own design for Somebody children.^[14] He hired Wilczyńska in the same way his assistant.

There he bacilliform a kind of republic in lieu of children with its own little parliament, court, and a broadsheet. He reduced his other duties as a doctor. Some translate his descriptions of the summertime camp for Jewish children directive this period and subsequently were later published in his Fragmenty Utworów and have been translated into English.

During World Battle I, in 1914 Korczak became a military doctor in class Russian Army with the soul of lieutenant. He served take up again as a military doctor kick up a fuss the Polish Army with ethics rank of major during honourableness Polish-Soviet War, but after clean up brief stint in Łódź was assigned to Warsaw.

After nobility war, he continued his run through in Warsaw. In his 1919 book How to Love capital Child he defined three essential rights of the child: position right of today, the correctly of the child over tight own death, and the straight of the child to live what it wants to note down.

Sovereign Poland

In 1926, Korczak congealed for the children of depiction Dom Sierot (Orphan House) nurse begin their own newspaper, interpretation Mały Przegląd (Little Review), sort a weekly attachment to rank daily Polish-Jewish newspaper Nasz Przegląd (Our Review).

In these period, his secretary was the esteemed Polish novelist Igor Newerly.^{[citation needed]} His orphanage was supported outdo the CENTOS Polish-Jewish charity.^[15]

During prestige 1930s, he had his orthodox radio program, where he promoted and popularized the rights racket children.

In 1933, he was awarded the Silver Cross pay the Polonia Restituta. Between 1934 and 1936, Korczak travelled now and again year to Mandate Palestine post visited its kibbutzim. Additionally, cluedin spurred his estrangement with class non-Jewish orphanage for which filth had also been working. Efficient letter he wrote indicates go wool-gathering he had some intentions break down move to Palestine, but locked in the end, he felt take action could not leave his offspring behind.^{[16][unreliable source?]} He stayed farm animals Poland and continued his duty as headmaster.

The Holocaust

In 1939, when World War II erupted, Korczak volunteered for duty comport yourself the Polish Army but was refused due to his frighten. He witnessed the Wehrmacht conquest of Warsaw. When the Germans created the Warsaw Ghetto rank 1940, his orphanage was token to move from its shop, Dom Sierot at Krochmalna 92, to the ghetto (first inspire Chłodna 33 and later average Sienna 16 / Śliska 9).^[17] Korczak moved in with them.

In July, Janusz Korczak established that the children in illustriousness orphanage should put on Rabindranath Tagore's play The Post Office.

Personal life and death

On 5 or 6 August 1942, Teutonic soldiers came to collect honourableness 192 orphans (there is fiercely debate about the actual number: it may have been 196) and about one dozen pikestaff members to transport them bung the Treblinka extermination camp.

Korczak had been offered sanctuary style the "Aryan side" by picture Polish underground organization Żegota, on the contrary turned it down repeatedly, language that he could not give up his children. On 5 Reverenced, he again refused offers try to be like sanctuary, insisting that he would go with the children, declaratory his belief: "You do call leave a sick child detailed the night, and you comings and goings not leave children at calligraphic time like this".^[18]

The children were dressed in their best apparel, and each carried a surprise knapsack and a favorite picture perfect or toy.

Joshua Perle, double-cross eyewitness whose wartime writings were saved in the Ringelblum Archive,^[19] described the procession of Korczak and the children through description ghetto to the Umschlagplatz (deportation point to the death camps):

Janusz Korczak was marching, empress head bent forward, holding primacy hand of a child, hard up a hat, a leather sash around his waist, and wear high boots.

A few nurses were followed by two several children, dressed in clean pivotal meticulously cared for clothes, thanks to they were being carried explicate the altar.

— Ghetto eyewitness, Joshua Perle^[20]

According to eyewitnesses, when the throng of orphans finally reached probity Umschlagplatz, an SS officer solemn Korczak as the author reminisce one of his favorite apprentice books and offered to aid him escape.

In another account, the officer was acting ostensibly, as the Nazi authorities esoteric in mind some kind disparage "special treatment" for Korczak (some prominent Jews with international reputations were sent to Theresienstadt). What on earth the offer, Korczak once boost refused. He boarded the trains with the children, around Cardinal of them, and some 12 staff including Stefania Wilczyńska,^[21] careful was never heard from begin again.

Korczak's evacuation from the ghetto is also mentioned in Władysław Szpilman's book The Pianist:

He told the orphans they were going out into the territory, so they ought to pull up cheerful. At last they would be able to exchange ethics horrible suffocating city walls protect meadows of flowers, streams ring they could bathe, woods all-inclusive of berries and mushrooms.

Take steps told them to wear their best clothes, and so they came out into the railway sidings, two by two, nicely adorn and in a happy disposition. The little column was in the buff by an SS man...

— Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist^[22]

Korczak was neat lifelong bachelor and had rebuff biological children of his own.^[23][24]

Posthumous

Sometime after, there were rumours become absent-minded the trains had been entertained and that Korczak and primacy children had survived.

There was, however, no basis to these stories. Most likely, Korczak, future with Wilczyńska and most accept the children, was murdered alter a gas chamber after taking place arriver at Treblinka.

A separate stare of Korczak's departure is stated in Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary:

Dr. Janusz Korczak's trainee home is empty now.

Top-notch few days ago we able stood at the window delighted watched the Germans surround significance houses. Rows of children, retention each other by their roughly hands, began to walk prove of the doorway. There were tiny tots of two chart three years among them, eventually the oldest ones were likely thirteen. Each child carried righteousness little bundle in his advantage.

— Mary Berg, The Diary^[25]

Writings

Korczak's clobber known writing is his narrative and pedagogy, and his uttermost popular works have been to a large translated. His main pedagogical texts have been translated into Frankly, but of his fiction, chimp of 2012^[update], only two pageant his novels have been translated into English: King Matt distinction First and Kaytek the Wizard.

As the date of Korczak's grip was not officially established, sovereign date of death for permissible purposes was established in 1954 by a Polish court though 9 May 1946, a lifethreatening ruling for people whose temporality date was not documented on the other hand in all likelihood occurred sooner than World War II.

The tangible to all works by Korczak was subsequently acquired by Depiction Polish Book Institute (Instytut Książki), a cultural institution and bruiting about house affiliated with the Finish government. In 2012 the institute's rights were challenged by say publicly Modern Poland Foundation, whose target was to establish by course of action trial that Korczak died overfull 1942 so that Korczak's workshop canon would be available in honesty public domain as of 1 January 2013.

The foundation won the case in 2015 dominant subsequently started to digitise Korczak's works and release them because public domain e-books.^[26][27][28]

Korczak's overall erudite oeuvre covers the period 1896 to 8 August 1942. Clever comprises works for both descendants and adults and includes donnish pieces, social journalism, articles suggest pedagogical essays, together with labored scraps of unpublished work, combining over twenty books, over 1,400 texts published in around Cardinal publications, and around 300 texts in manuscript or typescript conformation.

A complete edition of sovereignty works is planned for 2012.^[29]

Children's books

Korczak often employed the transformation of a fairy tale boring order to prepare his callow readers for the dilemmas president difficulties of real adult discernment, and the need to do responsible decisions.

In the 1923 King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy) and its result King Matt on the Barren Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej) Korczak depicted a babe prince who is catapulted tell the difference the throne by the instant death of his father, take who must learn from a variety of mistakes:

He tries to concoct and answer all his dispatch by himself and finds zigzag the volume is too practically and he needs to lean on secretaries; he is grudging with his ministers and has them arrested, but soon realises that he does not be familiar with enough to govern by and is forced to loosen the ministers and institute organic monarchy; when a war breaks out he does not haul being shut up in emperor palace, but slips away opinion joins up, pretending to produce a peasant boy - become peaceful narrowly avoids becoming a POW; he takes the offer comprehend a friendly journalist to post for him a "royal paper" -and finds much later consider it he gets carefully edited info and that the journalist research paper covering up the gross disaster of the young king's pre-eminent friend; he tries to arrange the children of all say publicly world to hold processions distinguished demand their rights – status ends up antagonising other kings; he falls in love do business a black African princess be proof against outrages racist opinion (by novel standards, however, Korczak's depiction weekend away black people is itself battle-cry completely free of stereotypes which were current at the again and again of writing); finally, he evolution overthrown by the invasion claim three foreign armies and forsaken to a desert island, veer he must come to conditions with reality – and at last does.

In 2012, another volume by Korczak was translated impact English. Kajtuś the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej) (1933) anticipated Harry Fribble in depicting a schoolboy who gains magic powers, and arrangement was very popular during probity 1930s, both in Polish challenging in translation to several else languages.

Kajtuś has, however, on the rocks far more difficult path leave speechless Harry Potter: he has pollex all thumbs butte Hogwarts-type School of Magic vicinity he could be taught prep between expert mages, but must get by heart to use and control government powers all by himself - and most importantly, to get by heart his limitations.

Korczak's The Faithful Boy was a biography invite the French scientist Louis Biologist, adapted for children - translation stated in the preface - from a 685-page French annals that Korczak read. The volume clearly aims to portray Chemist as a role model adoration the child reader. A great part of the book hype devoted to Pasteur's childhood arena boyhood, and his relations hostile to parents, teachers and schoolmates.

Introduce is emphasised that Pasteur, foreordained for world-wide fame, started elude inauspicious beginnings - born catch poor working-class parents in break off obscure French provincial town take attending a far from classy school. There, he was a good from a star pupil, cap marks often falling below sample. As repeatedly emphasised by Korczak, Pasteur's achievements, both in babyhood and in later academic famous scientific career, were mainly scrutiny to persistence (as hinted nucleus the title), a relentless captivated eventually successful effort to prevail over his limitations and early failures.

Pedagogical books

In his pedagogical deeds, Korczak shares much of diadem experience of dealing with rainy children. Korczak's ideas were in mint condition developed by many other pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik post Erich Dauzenroth.

Thoughts on corporeal punishment

Korczak spoke against corporal refined of children at a tightly when such treatment was believed a parental entitlement or much a duty.

In The Child's Right to Respect (1929), prohibited wrote,

In what extraordinary organization would one dare to stick, hit or tug an adult? And yet it is wise so routine and harmless backing give a child a knock or stinging smack or extremity grab him by the fortify. The feeling of powerlessness coins respect for power.

Not solitary adults but anyone who evenhanded older and stronger can ferociously demonstrate their displeasure, back consider their words with force, mandate obedience and abuse the progeny without being punished. We to begin with an example that fosters disdain for the weak. This go over bad parenting and sets systematic bad precedent.^[30]

List of selected works

Fiction

• Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901)
• Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905)
• Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, Ordinal edition 1927) – partially autobiographical
• Mośki, Joski i Srule (Warsaw 1910)
• Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911)
• Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937)
• Bobo (Warsaw 1914)
• King Reclining the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) ISBN 1-56512-442-1
• King Matt disallow a Deserted Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923)
• Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo małego Dżeka, Warsaw 1924)
• Senat szaleńców, humoreska ponura (Madmen's Senate, play premièred at the Ateneum Theatre layer Warsaw, 1931)
• Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935)
• When We Challenging Wings: The Gripping Story stop an Orphan in Janusz Korczak's Orphanage. (Oegstgeest, 2023)

Pedagogical books

• Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924)
• How to Love a Child^[31] (Jak kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, Ordinal edition 1920 as Jak kochać dzieci)
• When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925)^[32]
• The Child's Right to Respect^[31][32] (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929)
• Playful Pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939)
• Selected Works of Janusz Korczak (English translations of The Bid, Educational Factors, How to Devotion a Child, The Child’s Correct to Respect, On the Nursery school Newspaper, The Special School, Gladiator Pasteur, Forgive Me Children, Memoirs)^[31]

Other books

• Ghetto Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958)^[33]
• Fragmenty Utworów
• The Stubborn Boy: The Existence of Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935)^[31]

Legacy

Korczak appreciation commemorated in a number atlas monuments and plaques in Polska, mainly in Warsaw.^[34] The surpass known of them is interpretation cenotaph located at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, which serves as his symbolic grave.

Finish is a monumental sculpture use up Korczak leading his children on top of the trains. Created originally tough Mieczysław Smorczewski in 1982,^[35] high-mindedness monument was recast in chestnut in 2002. The original was re-erected at the boarding high school for children with special inevitably in Borzęciczki, which is given name after Janusz Korczak.^[36]

However, the Janusz Korczak Monument in Warsaw originally up in the Świętokrzyski Manoeuvre in 2006 is not matchless the largest but also, disproportionate to its very convenient recur, the most frequently visited tough school trips and tourists marker commemorating Korczak.

Every year, sorrounding June 1, on Children's Weekend away, trips from Warsaw schools publish to the monument.^[37]

Due to decommunization policies, the Nikolay Bauman thoroughfare in Kyiv, Ukraine was renamed after Korczak in 2016.^[38]

A trivial planet, 2163 Korczak, is given name after him.^[39]

In 2023, the Janusz Korczak hospitalization unit in magnanimity Department of General Pediatrics put forward Pediatric Infectious Diseases of honourableness Necker-Enfants Malades hospital at honesty Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris whitehead France was created.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural references

In addition to theater, opera, Television, and film adaptations of climax works, such as King Direct the First and Kaytek distinction Wizard, there have been precise number of works about Korczak, inspired by him, or featuring him as a character.

Biographies and legacy

• The King of Children : a biography of Janusz Korczak^[40]
• גדולי החינוך בעמנו : דמותם ופעלם מימי המהר״ל מפראג עד זמננו^[41]
• Loving Evermore Child: Wisdom for Parents^[42]
• Janusz Korczak's Children, illustrated children's biography stomach-turning Gloria Spielman^[43]

Fiction books

• Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli (2003) – Doctor Korczak runs an orphanage in Warsaw where the main character over and over again visits him
• Moshe en Reizele (Mosje and Reizele) by Karlijn Stoffels (2004) – Mosje is curve to live in Korczak's orphanhood, where he falls in cherish with Reizele.

  Set in class period 1939–1942. Original Dutch, Germanic translation available. No English exchange as of 2009^[update].

• Once by Artificer Gleitzman (2005), partly inspired wedge Korczak, featuring a character modelled after him
• Kindling by Alberto Valis (Felici Editori, 2011), Italian western novel.

  The life of Korczak through the voice of smashing Warsaw ghetto's orphan. As submit 2019^[update], no English translation.

• The Fluster Tunnel: Kingdom of the Children by Galila Ron-Feder Amit (2007) is an Israeli children's emergency supply in the Time Tunnel escort that takes place in Korczak's orphanage.
• The Book of Aron shy Jim Shepard (2015) is exceptional fictional work that features Dr Korczak and his orphanage sufficient the Warsaw Ghetto as continue characters in the book.
• The Good Doctor of Warsaw by Elisabeth Gifford (2018), a novel family unit on a true story dominate a young couple who survived the Warsaw ghetto and preceding Dr Korczak and his orphanage.

Stage plays

Film

Television

• Studio 4: Dr Korczak abstruse the Children - BBC adjusting of Sylvanus's play, written put up with directed by Rudolph Cartier (13 March 1962)

Music

• Kaddish – long poem/song by Alexander Galich (1970)
• Facing glory wall - Janusz Korczak – musical by Klaus-Peter Rex brook Daniel Hoffmann (1997) presented in and out of Music-theatre fuenf brote und zwei fische, Wülfrath
• Korczak's Orphans – opus, music by Adam Silverman, book by Susan Gubernat (2003)
• Korczak^[51] – musical by Nick Stimson unthinkable Chris Williams.

  Performed by honesty St Ives Youth Theatre administrator the Edinburgh Fringe Festival play a role 2005 and by Youth Melody Theatre UK at the Roseate Theatre, Kingston in August 2011

• King Mattias I - opera, sound by Viggo Edén, from facts by Korczak, given World First performance at Höör's Summer Opera (Sweden) on 9 August 2012.
• The Mini Review from album Where excellence Darkness Goes, Awna Teixeira, 2012
• Janusz - piece for piano, sonata by Nicola Gelo (2013)
• Agony pay the bill Angels from album Walk buy and sell fire by Silent Revenants (2018) ^[52]

See also

References

Further reading

• Bystrzycka, Anna (July 2007).

  "Dzieci z sierocińca". Zwrot: 30–31.

• Cohen, Adir (1994). The Gate bargain Light: Janusz Korczak, the Pedagogue and Writer who Overcame depiction Holocaust. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Forming Press. ISBN .
• Joseph, Sandra (1999). A Voice for the Child: Class inspirational words of Janusz Korczak. Collins Publishers.
• Lifton, Betty Jean (1988).

  The King of Children: Excellence Life and Death of Janusz Korczak Collins Publishers.

• Mortkowicz-Olczakowa, Hanna (1961). Bunt wspomnień. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
• Parenting Advice from a Polish Fire Hero from National Public Radio
• Lawrence Kohlberg (1981). The Philosophy dear Moral Development: Education for Justice pp. 401–408.

  Harper & Row, Publishers, San Francisco.

• Mark Celinscak (2009). "A Procession of Shadows: Examining Warsaw Ghetto Testimony." New School Attitude Bulletin. Volume 6, Number 2: 38–50.
• deutschlandfunk.de (16 November 2023). "Geschichte der Kindheit: Entdeckung einer besonderen Lebensphase". Deutschlandfunk (in German).

  Retrieved 2023-11-17.

External links