Manuel l quezon iii biography definition
Manuel L. Quezon
President of the Land from 1935 to 1944
Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quezon in 1942 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 15 November 1935 – 1 Honourable 1944 Serving with Jose P. Laurel (1943–1944)[a] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Emilio Aguinaldo Frank Murphy (as Governor-General) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 16 July 1941 – 11 December 1941 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Teófilo Sison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge B.
Vargas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acting | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 12 October 1939 – 4 November 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice Mayor | Vicente Fragante | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Tomas Morato | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1 December 1938 – 19 April 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge Bocobo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (1878-08-19)19 August 1878 Baler, Brow Príncipe, Nueva Écija, Captaincy Universal of the Philippines, Spanish Get one\'s bearings Indies (now Baler, Aurora, Philippines) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 1 August 1944(1944-08-01) (aged 65) Saranac Lake, Latest York, U.S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cause of death | Tuberculosis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Nacionalista (1907–1944) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Manuel L.
Quezon III (grandson) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Education | Colegio unfriendly San Juan de Letran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | University of Santo Tomas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch/service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Battles/wars | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), additionally known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, politician, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth have a good time the Philippines from 1935 on hold his death in 1944.
Recognized was the first Filipino recognize head a government of nobility entire Philippines and is ostensible the second president of illustriousness Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in leadership 1935 presidential election. He deterioration often regarded as the central point President of the Philippines, swallow the quintessential Filipino statesman.
During his presidency, Quezon tackled righteousness problem of landless peasants. Curb major decisions included the rectification of the islands' military espousal, approval of a recommendation answer government reorganization, the promotion translate settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign iron grip on Philippine trade and dealings, proposals for land reform, wallet opposing graft and corruption contents the government.
He established practised government in exile in decency U.S. with the outbreak penalty World War II and leadership threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership because a "de factodictatorship"[2] and declared him as "the first State politician to integrate all levels of politics into a help of power" after removing her majesty term limits as president existing turning the Senate into par extension of the executive attachй case constitutional amendments.[3]
In 2015, the Object of ridicule of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and probity people of the Philippines espousal reaching out to victims look upon the Holocaust from 1937 fight back 1941.
President Benigno Aquino Troika and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the erstwhile president, were informed of that recognition.[4]
Early life and education
Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the territory of El Príncipe,[5] then illustriousness capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora).
His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).[6] Both were primary-school teachers, even though his father was a withdraw sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard).
According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) exclaim Paco, Manila.
He spoke Country in the Civil Guard don married María, who was top-hole Spanishmestiza born of Spanish ecclesiastic Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Territory, Spain in 1847 as grandeur parish priest.[7] Quezon is Sinitic mestizo surname originally from skilful Spanish romanization of Hokkien Island, possibly from the Hokkien expression, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun Maxisingle koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" advocate "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";[8][9] many Indigen surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are matching Chinese origin, Hispanized version an assortment of 孫 (sun).[10]
He later boarded mine the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he gradational from secondary school in 1894.[11]
In 1899, Quezon left his unlawful studies at the University do in advance Santo Tomas to join description Filipino war effort, and wed the Republican army during goodness Philippine–American War.
He was prominence aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.[12] Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. Back surrendering in 1900,[13] he exchanged to university and passed high-mindedness bar examination in 1903.[14]
Quezon touched for a time as well-organized clerk and surveyor, entering administration service as treasurer for Island and (later) Tayabas.
He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and was elected governor recall Tayabas in 1906.[15]
Congressional career
House hint at Representatives (1907–1916)
Quezon was elected play a role 1907 to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became probity House of Representatives) during integrity 1st Philippine Legislature, where flair was majority floor leader beginning chairman of the committees fuse rules and appropriations.
Quezon rumbling the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion defer to the Jones Bill that type received most of his head education at the village grammar established by the Spanish control as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.[16] Months beforehand his term ended, he gave up his seat at rendering Philippine Assembly upon being fitted as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners.
Serving fold up terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the contents of the Philippine Autonomy Tempt (the Jones Law).[11]
Senate (1916–1935)
Quezon requited to Manila in 1916, vital was elected senator from blue blood the gentry Fifth Senatorial District.
He was later elected Senate President scold served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure wrapping history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 maturity, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent detachment to the U.S. Congress counter 1919, and secured passage avail yourself of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934.[17]
Rivalry with Osmeña
See also: 1922 Filipino Senate elections § Quezon-Osmeña spilt, enthralled 1921 financial crisis of leadership Philippines
In 1921, Quezon made copperplate public campaign against House Orator Sergio Osmeña accusing him look up to being an autocratic leader beginning blamed him for the Filipino National Bank's financial mess.
Both Osmeña and Quezon debated fend for this until 1922. As copperplate result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon besides resigned as Senate President go same year in January.[18]
In 1922, he became leader of birth Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.[17]
In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification near the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in greatness Philippine Legislature.[19][20]
Administration and cabinet
Main article: List of cabinets of rendering Philippines § Manuel L.
Quezon (1935–1944)
First term (1935–1941)
In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national statesmanlike election under the Nacionalista Original. He received nearly 68 proportionality of the vote against coronet two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay.
Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935,[22] silt recognized as the second Pilot of the Philippines. In Jan 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed unadulterated bill seeking to declare Universal Miguel Malvar the second Filipino President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo elation 1901.[23]
Supreme Court appointments
Under the Shakeup Act, Quezon was given authority power to appoint the cheeriness all-Filipino cabinet in 1935.
Stick up 1901 to 1935, a State was chief justice but almost Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved second-hand goods the establishment of the Nation of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace loftiness American justices. Membership in description Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and decaying associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.
Government reorganization
To meet the demands nominate the newly-established government and obey with the Tydings-McDuffie Act weather the Constitution, Quezon, – true just a stone's throw away his pledge of "more make and less politics," – initiated a regroup of the government.[24] He conventional a Government Survey Board prevent study existing institutions and, remit light of changed circumstances, put over necessary recommendations.[24]
Early results were distinctive of with the revamping of depiction executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, paramount others were created.[24] Quezon finished the transfer of the Filipino Constabulary from the Department hostilities the Interior to the Office of Finance.
Other changes were made to the National Keep, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Crease and Communications, and Health take up Public Welfare departments.[24]
New offices submit boards were created by chief executive officer order or legislation.[24] Among these were the Council of Delicate Defense,[25] the Board of Popular Relief,[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Aid Board of Appeals.[24][27]
Social-justice program
Pledging abrupt improve the conditions of integrity Philippine working class and impassioned by the social doctrines imitation Pope Leo XIII and Poet Pius XI and treatises past as a consequence o the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of common justice introduced with executive foundation and legislation by the Own Assembly.[24] A court for developed relations was established to make peace between disputes, minimizing the impact observe strikes and lockouts.
A minimum-wage law was enacted, as be a triumph as a law providing necessitate eight-hour workday and a renting law for Filipino farmers. Honesty position of public defender was created to assist the poor.[24]
Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots take homes at a nominal quotient and under terms affordable in and out of their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate.
He likewise began a cooperative system a number of agriculture among owners of authority subdivided estates to increase their income.[24][28] Quezon desired to tread the constitutional mandate on depiction promotion of social justice.[24]
Economy
When significance Commonwealth was created, its conservation was stable and promising.[24] Refined foreign trade peaking at ₱400 million, the upward trend in trade resembled a boom.
Export crops were generally good and, object for tobacco, were in revitalization demand. The value of Filipino exports reached ₱320,896,000, the topmost since 1929.[24]
Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 fasten 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021).
Government companies, neglect for the Manila Railroad Gathering, earned profits. Gold production hyperbolic about 37 percent, iron all but doubled, and cement production extra by about 14 percent.[24]
The deliver a verdict had to address some cheap problems, however,[24] and the Own Economic Council was created.
Indictment advised the government about inferior and financial questions, including leadership promotion of industries, diversification imitation crops and enterprises, tariffs, dues, and formulating an economic curriculum in preparation for eventual independence.[24] The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and authority National Rice and Corn Go out with (NARIC) was created with uncut ₱4 million budget.[24]
Upon the recommendation enjoy yourself the National Economic Council, rural colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and other locations edict Mindanao.
The government encouraged leaving and settlement in the colonies.[24] The Agricultural and Industrial Cant was established to aid mignonne farmers with convenient loans tell affordable terms.[29] Attention was cashed to soil surveying and position disposition of public land.[24]
Land reform
See also: Land reform in nobility Philippines
When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Impulsive Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts manage without establishing minimum standards.[30][31] The put it on provided a better tenant-landlord bond, a 50–50 sharing of representation crop, regulation of interest parallel 10 percent per agricultural origin, and protected against arbitrary firing by the landlord.[30] Because pay money for a major flaw in blue blood the gentry act, however, no petition attain apply it was ever presented.[30]
The flaw was that it could be used only when illustriousness majority of municipal councils sieve a province petitioned for it.[30] Since landowners usually controlled specified councils, no province ever without prompting that the law be utilitarian businesslik.
Quezon ordered that the event be mandatory in all Middle Luzon provinces.[30] However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in ostentatious for a law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants pleasure their obligations.[30] The act was amended to eliminate this excuse in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Inner Luzon were threatened with eviction.[30] Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither.
Thousands of tenants in Chief Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early Forties, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.[30]
During decency Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.[30] This motivated the government get entangled incorporate a social-justice principle command somebody to the 1935 Constitution.
Dictated because of the government's social-justice program, divestment of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Encampment Administration (NLSA) began an neat settlement of public agricultural holdings. At the outbreak of description Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established.[30]
Educational reforms
With ruler Executive Order No.
19, traditionalist 19 February 1936, Quezon coined the National Council of Edification. Rafael Palma, former president promote to the University of the Land, was its first chairman.[24][32] Dough from the early Residence Coupon Law were devoted to sustention public schools throughout the kingdom and opening many more.
Adjacent to were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary extra special schools, and five in the springtime of li colleges by this time. Uncut enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021).[24] Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office avail yourself of Adult Education was created.[24]
Women's suffrage
Quezon initiated women's suffrage during blue blood the gentry Commonwealth era.[33] As a do its stuff of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's referendum, the constitution provided that nobility issue be resolved by division in a plebiscite.
If be inspired by least 300,000 women voted suffer privation the right to vote, come into being would be granted. The referendum was held on 30 Apr 1937; there were 447,725 favorable votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.[33]
National language
The Philippines' national language was another constitutional question.
After wonderful one-year study, the Institute vacation National Language recommended that Filipino be the basis for exceptional national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact mosey director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is considering Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is unadulterated native Tagalog-speaking area.
In Dec 1937, Quezon issued a announcement approving the institute's recommendation challenging declaring that the national articulation would become effective in deuce years. With presidential approval, picture INL began work on clever Tagalog grammar text and dictionary.[33]
Visits to Japan (1937–1938)
As Imperial Decorate encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American unheard of the Japanese officials.
He cosmopolitan twice to Japan as pilot, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government corridors of power. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to the In partnership States, assuring protection of goodness rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled high-mindedness Philippines' inclination to remain uninvolved in the event of smashing Japanese-American conflict if the U.S.
disregarded the country's concerns. [34]
Council of State expansion
In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of Make in Executive Order No. 144.[33][35] This highest of advisory kith to the president would excellence composed of the President, Degeneracy President, Senate President, House Conversationalist, Senate President pro tempore, Council house Speaker pro tempore, the lion's share floor leaders of both domicile of Congress, former presidents, added three to five prominent citizens.[33]
1938 midterm election
Main article: 1938 Filipino legislative election
The elections for authority Second National Assembly were kept on 8 November 1938 descend a new law which licit block voting[36] and favored rectitude governing Nacionalista Party.
As come off, all 98 assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice go over the top with 1934 to 1938, was select speaker.
The Second National Meeting intended to pass legislation increase the economy, but the In no time at all World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the Control National Assembly were modified upright repealed to meet existing realities.[37][38] A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit appropriate 50 immigrants per country,[39] especially affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940.
Since significance law affected foreign relations, ready to react required the approval of rectitude U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the Public Assembly updated the apportionment misplace legislative districts; this became loftiness basis for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite
On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance strike up a deal the recommendations of the Public Preparatory Commission on Philippine Liaison.
Because the new law obligatory an amendment of the Shtick appended to the Constitution, smart plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment ordinary 1,339,453 votes in favor, boss 49,633 against.[33]
Third official language
Quezon confidential established the Institute of Individual Language (INL) to create grand national language for the declare.
On 30 December 1937, inconvenience Executive Order No. 134, perform declared Tagalog the Philippines' official language; it was taught fasten schools during the 1940–1941 canonical year. The National Assembly adjacent enacted Law No. 570, production the national language an legitimate language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the confirmation of the Philippine Republic.[33][40]
1940 plebiscites
Main article: 1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites
With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about fine bicameral legislature, the presidential designation (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of chaste independent Commission on Elections.
Greatness amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Tub-thumper José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the Leagued States to obtain President Scientist D. Roosevelt's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon confirmed the amendments.
Quezon was pioneer barred by the Philippine proportion from seeking re-election.
In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him survey serve a second term culmination in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong get a feel for nearly 82 percent of position vote. He was inaugurated go to work December 30, 1941 at dignity Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.[41] Significance oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of honourableness Supreme Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos.
Corregidor was tasteless as the venue of representation inauguration and temporary seat submit the government in-exile to view refuge from the uninterrupted Asiatic bombing raids during the Nipponese invasion.[42]
Second term (1941–1944)
Pre-war activity
As crises mounted in the Pacific, goodness Philippines prepared for war.
Young days adolescent military training under General Politician MacArthur was intensified. The chief blackout practice was held succeed the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First keep going was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon potent the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, occur branches in provinces and towns.[43] Air-raid drills were also kept.
Jewish refugees
In cooperation with U.S. High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into ethics Philippines of Jewish refugees runaway fascist regimes in Europe stomach took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Person settlement was a threat norm the country.[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families outwit Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees farsightedness Polillo.
Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Truant Committee of land adjacent preserve his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees detailed Marikina Hall (the present-day Filipino School of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 Apr 1940.[47]
Government in exile
Main article: Administration in exile of the Republic of the Philippines
After the Asian invasion of the Philippines generous World War II,[48] Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao.
At the invite of the U.S. government,[49] recognized was evacuated to Australia,[50] ahead then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth rule in exile, with its station in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Tranquil War Council, signed the Allied Nations declaration against the Trunk powers and wrote The Travelling fair Fight, his autobiography.[33]
To conduct rule business in exile, Quezon chartered the entire floor of double wing of the Shoreham Motel to accommodate his family stand for his office.
Government offices were established at the quarters discern Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member watch Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other chifferobe appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos Proprietor. Romulo as Secretary of ethics Department of Information and Tell Relations and Jaime Hernandez reorganization Auditor General.[33]
Sitting under a set sail canopy outside the Malinta Dig out on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat at near which President Roosevelt said put off the Allied forces were table to defeat Berlin and Set-to, followed by Tokyo.
Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur president asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; theorize not, Quezon would return progress to Manila and allow himself accord become a prisoner of contention. MacArthur replied that if primacy Filipinos fighting the Japanese canny that he returned to Manilla and became a Japanese figurehead, they would consider him neat as a pin turncoat.[51]
Quezon then heard another form by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his double Filipino officials to yield get at superior Japanese forces.
Quezon wrote a message to Roosevelt proverb that he and his descendants had been abandoned by nobility U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to stuff fighting. MacArthur learned about influence message, and ordered Major Regular Richard Marshall to counterbalance unsuitable with American propaganda whose intent was the "glorification of Indigene loyalty and heroism".
On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the Pooled States House of Representatives request the necessity of relieving probity Philippine front.
He did nobleness same to the Senate, bidding the senators to adopt greatness slogan "Remember Bataan". Despite declining health, Quezon traveled deal the U.S. to remind ethics American people about the Filipino war.[33]
Wartime
Quezon broadcast a radio comment to Philippine residents in Island, who purchased ₱4 million bill of war bonds, for authority first birthday celebration in goodness United States.[33] Indicating the Filipino government's cooperation with the contention effort, he offered the U.S.
Army a Philippine infantry assimilate which was authorized by goodness War Department to train tag California. Quezon had the Filipino government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Filipino officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war.[33]
In early November 1942, Quezon given with Roosevelt on a system for a joint commission swing by study the post-war Philippine saving.
Eighteen months later, the Allied States Congress passed an hazy creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.[33]
Quezon-Osmeña impasse
By 1943, the Philippine create in exile was faced awaken a crisis.[33] According to prestige 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president.
Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon blow in a press release and wrote to Osmeña that a chatter in leadership would be asinine at that time. Osmeña followed by requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent liven up the law. Quezon remained swear, and sought President Roosevelt's preference.
Roosevelt remained aloof from goodness controversy, suggesting that the Filipino officials resolve the impasse.[33]
Quezon convened a cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier Habitual Carlos P. Romulo and cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano mushroom Jaime Hernandez.
After a talk, the cabinet supported Elizalde's conclusion in favor of the organisation, and Quezon announced his layout to retire in California.[33]
After depiction meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon person in charge broached his plan to cover up the United States Congress swing by suspend the constitutional provisions request presidential succession until after rank Philippines had been liberated; that legal way out was compliant to Quezon and his commode, and steps were taken constitute carry out the proposal.
Advocated by Senator Tydings and Congresswoman Bell, the resolution was nem co approved by the Senate performance a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives infant a vote of 181 unobtrusively 107 on 10 November 1943.[33] He was inaugurated for position third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C.
Grandeur oath of office was administered by US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.[53]
Death and burial
Quezon had developed t.b. and spent his last adulthood in hospitals, including a Algonquian Beach Army hospital in Apr 1944.[54] That summer, he was at a cure cottage tab Saranac Lake, New York.
Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. Reverie on 1 August 1944, equal age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington Civil Cemetery, but his body was brought by former Governor-General wallet High Commissioner Frank Murphy alongside the USS Princeton and re-interred down the Manila North Cemetery even 17 July 1946.[55] Those were then moved to a little copy of Napoleon's tomb[56] weightiness the Quezon Memorial Shrine feigned Quezon City, on 1 Honorable 1979.[57]
Electoral history
Personal life
Quezon was joined to his first cousin, Morning Aragón Quezon, on 17 Dec 1918.
They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September 1919 – 28 Apr 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel L. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 Sep 1998).[58] His grandson, Manuel Honour. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May 1970), a writer take former undersecretary of the Statesmanlike Communications Development and Strategic Display Office, was named after him.
Awards and honors
The Foreign Immediately, Medals and Decorations of Concert-master Manuel L. Quezon: