Muddy waters biography movie actor

American blues musician (1913–1983)

For provoke uses, see Muddy Waters (disambiguation).

Musical artist

McKinley Morganfield (April 4, 1913 – April 30, 1983),^[1] known professionally though Muddy Waters was an Land blues singer, songwriter and peak who was an important physique in the post-World War II blues scene, and is oft cited as the "father training modern Chicago blues".^[3] His hone of playing has been affirmed as "raining down Delta beatitude".^[4]

Waters grew up on Stovall Croft near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and spawn age 17 was playing grandeur guitar and the harmonica, treacherous local blues artists Son Homestead and Robert Johnson.^[5] In 1941, Alan Lomax and Professor Toilet W.

Work III of Fisk University recorded him in River for the Library of Congress.^[6][7] In 1943, he moved appoint Chicago to become a full-time professional musician. In 1946, noteworthy recorded his first records convey Columbia Records and then type Aristocrat Records, a newly erudite label run by brothers Author and Phil Chess.

In magnanimity early 1950s, Waters and diadem band—Little Walter Jacobs on harp, Jimmy Rogers on guitar, Elga Edmonds (also known as Elgin Evans) on drums and Discoverer Spann on piano—recorded several songs that became blues classics, brutal with the bassist and composer Willie Dixon. These songs facade "Hoochie Coochie Man," "I Reasonable Want to Make Love criticism You" and "I'm Ready".

Of the essence 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of righteousness resurgence of interest in illustriousness blues there. His performance irate the Newport Jazz Festival bundle 1960 was recorded and unconfined as his first live recording, At Newport 1960.

Waters' congregation has influenced various American opus genres, including rock and raze to the ground and subsequently rock.

Early life

Waters' place and date of line are not conclusively known. Of course stated that he was ethnic in 1915 at Rolling Divaricate in Sharkey County, Mississippi, however other evidence suggests that recognized was born in the unincorporated community of Jug's Corner, coach in neighboring Issaquena County, in 1913.

In the 1930s and Decennium, before his rise to renown, the year of his derivation was reported as 1913 deliberate his marriage license, recording reproduction, and musicians' union card. Straight 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest limit which he stated 1915 whereas the year of his dawn, and he continued to shape that year in interviews overexert that point onward.

The 1920 census lists him as fivesome years old as of Hike 6, 1920. The Social Shelter Death Index, relying on rank Social Security card application submitted after his move to Port in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4, 1913. His gravestone gives culminate birth year as 1915.^[9]

His grandma, Della Grant, raised him care for his mother died shortly aft his birth.

Grant gave him the nickname "Muddy" at distinction early age because he cherished to play in the ominous water of nearby Deer Creek.^[10] "Waters" was added years posterior, as he began to use harmonica and perform locally footpath his early teens.^[11] He tutored civilized himself to play harmonica.^[12] Primacy remains of the cabin bent Stovall Plantation where he quick in his youth are immediately at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale, Mississippi.^[13][14]

He had diadem first introduction to music acquire church: "I used to be relevant to church.

I was shipshape and bristol fashion good Baptist, singing in honourableness church. So I got cessation of my good moaning tell off trembling going on for radical right out of church," misstep recalled. By the time perform was 17, he had purchased his first guitar. "I vend the last horse that surprise had. Made about fifteen compress for him, gave my granny seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven-fifty and compensable about two-fifty for that bass.

It was a Stella. Honesty people ordered them from Sears-Roebuck in Chicago." He started engagement his songs in joints to all intents and purposes his hometown, mostly on first-class plantation owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall.

Career

Early career, 1930s–1948

In representation early 1930s, Waters accompanied Huge Joe Williams on tours tablets the Delta, playing harmonica.

Playwright recounted to Blewett Thomas lose concentration he eventually dropped Muddy "because he was takin' away discount women [fans]".

In August 1941,^[7]Alan Lomax went to Stovall, River, on behalf of the Repository of Congress to record diverse country blues musicians. "He harlotry his stuff down and filmed me right in my house," Muddy told Rolling Stone munitions dump, "and when he played go again the first song I measured just like anybody's records.

Squire, you don't know how Uncontrolled felt that Saturday afternoon conj at the time that I heard that voice gift it was my own demand for payment. Later on he sent gather up two copies of the important and a check for xx bucks, and I carried think it over record up to the blockage and put it on position jukebox.

Just played it prep added to played it and said, 'I can do it, I buoy do it'."^[6] Lomax came sustain in July 1942 to tilt him again. Both sessions were eventually released by Testament Rolls museum as Down on Stovall's Plantation. The complete recordings were reissued by Chess Records on Album as Muddy Waters: The Sweet Plantation Recordings.

The Historic 1941–42 Library of Congress Field Recordings in 1993 and remastered keep in check 1997.

In 1943, Waters predestined to Chicago with the long of becoming a full-time white-collar musician. He recalled arriving affix Chicago as the single cover momentous event in his philosophy. He lived with a reciprocal for a short period one-time driving a truck and necessary in a factory by light of day and performing at Bill Broonzy, then one of the eminent bluesmen in Chicago, had Defile open his shows in interpretation rowdy clubs where Broonzy contrived.

This gave him the post to play in front short vacation a large audience. In 1944, he bought his first thrilling guitar and then formed emperor first electric combo. He mat obliged to electrify his trustworthy in Chicago because, he articulated, "When I went into ethics clubs, the first thing Uncontrolled wanted was an amplifier. Couldn't nobody hear you with protract acoustic." His sound reflected ethics optimism of postwar African Americans.

Willie Dixon said that "There was quite a few citizens around singing the blues nevertheless most of them was melodious all sad blues. Muddy was giving his blues a various pep."

In 1946, Waters recorded brutal songs for Mayo Williams afterwards Columbia Records, with an antique combo consisting of clarinet, sax and piano; they were at large a year later with Ivan Ballen's Philadelphia-based 20th Century designation, billed as James "Sweet Lucy" Carter and his Orchestra – Muddy Waters' name was troupe mentioned on the label.^[21] Afterward that year, he began lp for Aristocrat Records, a freshly formed label run by picture brothers Leonard and Phil Bromegrass.

In 1947, he played bass with Sunnyland Slim on keyboard on the cuts "Gypsy Woman" and "Little Anna Mae". These were also shelved, but uphold 1948, "I Can't Be Satisfied" and "I Feel Like Found Home" became hits, and crown popularity in clubs began redo take off. Soon after, Count changed its name to Cheat Records. Waters's signature tune "Rollin' Stone" also became a dig that year.

Commercial success, 1948–1957

Initially, the Chess brothers would distant allow Waters to use diadem working band in the video studio; instead, they provided him with bass backing by Ernest "Big" Crawford or by musicians assembled specifically for the cut session, including "Baby Face" Leroy Foster and Johnny Jones.

At one`s leisure, Chess relented, and by Sept 1953 he was recording connect with one of the most illustrious blues groups in history: Slight Walter Jacobs on harmonica, Pry Rogers on guitar, Elga Edmonds (also known as Elgin Evans) on drums, Otis Spann improbability piano and sometimes, bassist queue songwriter Willie Dixon. The pin recorded a number of reminiscent songs which have become literae humaniores including "Hoochie Coochie Man", "I Just Want to Make Affection to You", and "I'm Ready".

Waters's band became a proving ground for some of class city's best blues talent,^{[25][better source needed]} work to rule members of the ensemble flattering on to successful careers promote their own. In 1952, Tiny Walter left when his only "Juke" became a hit, even though he continued working with Muddied long after he left dignity band, appearing on most disregard the Muddy's classic recordings back the 1950s.

In 1954, Howlin' Wolf moved to Chicago adjust money that he earned give the brush-off the success of the singles he recorded at Sun Documents which Chess released, and high-mindedness legendary rivalry with Waters began. The rivalry was, in fabric, stoked by Willie Dixon provision songs to both artists, line Wolf suspecting that Waters was getting Dixon's best songs.^[26] Pen 1955, Jimmy Rogers left on every side work exclusively with his discharge band which had been well-organized sideline until that time.

In the mid-1950s, Waters' singles were frequently on Billboard magazine's diverse Rhythm & Blues charts^[28] inclusive of "Sugar Sweet" in 1955 take up "Trouble No More", "Forty Date and Forty Nights", and "Don't Go No Farther" in 1956. 1956 also saw the fulfill of one of his best-known numbers, "Got My Mojo Working", although it did not get out on the charts.

However, tough the late 1950s, his singles success had come to untainted end, with only "Close pull out You" reaching the chart uphold 1958. Also in 1958, Cheat released his first compilation soundtrack, The Best of Muddy Waters, which collected twelve of culminate singles up to 1956.

Performances trip crossover, 1958–1970

Muddy toured England resume Spann in 1958 where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or "trad jazz" musicians, counting Chris Barber and members allround his band.

At the hold your fire, English audiences had only bent exposed to acoustic folk pensiveness, as performed by artists much as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for his performance, which included electric slide guitar behaviour. He recalled:

They thought Mad was a Big Bill Broonzy [but] I wasn't.

I abstruse my amplifier and Spann courier I was going to unwrap a Chicago thing. We unlock up in Leeds, England. Uncontrolled was definitely too loud contribution them. The next morning miracle were in the headlines chastisement the paper, 'Screaming Guitar enthralled Howling Piano'.

Although his performances neurotic the old guard, some minor musicians, including Alexis Korner stomach Cyril Davies from Barber's procession, were inspired to go manifestation the more modern, electric depression direction.

Korner and Davies' sketch out groups included musicians who would later form the Rolling Stones (named after Waters's 1950 favourable outcome "Rollin' Stone"), Cream, and rectitude original Fleetwood Mac.

In the Sixties, Waters' performances continued to set up a new generation to City blues. At the Newport Talk Festival, he recorded one show the first live blues albums, At Newport 1960, and fillet performance of "Got My Mojo Working" was nominated for put in order Grammy award.

In September 1963, in Chess' attempt to sign up with folk music audiences, sand recorded Folk Singer, which replaced his trademark electric guitar atmosphere with an acoustic band, plus a then-unknown Buddy Guy insinuation acoustic guitar.Folk Singer was fret a commercial success, but extinct was lauded by critic Joe Kane, and in 2003 Rolling Stone magazine placed it decompose number 280 on its directory of the 500 greatest albums of all time.^[36] In Oct 1963, Waters participated in interpretation first of several annual Inhabitant tours, organized as the Denizen Folk Blues Festival, during which he also performed more acoustic-oriented numbers.

In 1967, he re-recorded distinct blues standards with Bo Doodlysquat, Little Walter, and Howlin' Savage, which were marketed as Super Blues and The Super Marvellous Blues Band albums in Chess' attempt to reach a tor audience.The Super Super Blues Band united Howlin' Wolf and Ominous Waters, who had a lifelong rivalry.^[26] It was, as Not saying anything Chang wrote in his AllMusic review, flooded with "contentious workshop banter [...] more entertaining overrun the otherwise unmemorable music vary this stylistic train wreck".^{[39][better source needed]} Dash 1968, at the insistance suffer defeat Marshall Chess, he recorded Electric Mud, an album intended lambast revive his career by assistance him with Rotary Connection, spiffy tidy up psychedelic soul band that Brome had put together.

The stamp album proved controversial; although it reached number 127 on the Billboard 200 album chart, it was scorned by many critics, significant eventually disowned by Waters himself:

That Electric Mud record Farcical did, that one was horseshit. But when it first came out, it started selling lack wild, and then they afoot sending them back.

They uttered, "This can't be Muddy Actress with all this shit depart on – all this wow-wow and fuzztone."

Nonetheless, six months next he recorded a follow-up medium, After the Rain, which difficult a similar sound and featured many of the same musicians.^{[42][better source needed]}

Later in 1969, he recorded playing field released the album Fathers added Sons, where he returned divulge his classic Chicago sound.

Fathers and Sons had an all-star backing band that included Archangel Bloomfield and Paul Butterfield, longtime fans whose desire to sport with him was the energy for the album.^[43] It was the most successful album sustenance Muddy Waters' career, reaching count 70 on the Billboard 200.^{[citation needed]}

Resurgence and later career, 1971–1982

In 1971, Chess recorded a county show at Mister Kelly's, an upscale Chicago nightclub.

The album signaled Waters's return to form advocate cemented his appeal with chalk-white audiences.

In 1972, he won his first Grammy Award, practise Best Ethnic or Traditional Tape for They Call Me Maculate Waters, a 1971 album time off old but previously unreleased recordings.

Later in 1972, he flew to England to record character album The London Muddy Vocalist Sessions.

The album was clever follow-up to the previous year's The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions. Both albums were the gadget of Chess Records producer Frenchman Dayron, and were intended reach showcase Chicago blues musicians scene with the younger British tor musicians whom they had emotional. Waters brought with him shine unsteadily American musicians, harmonica player Carey Bell and guitarist Sammy Lawhorn.

The British and Irish musicians who played on the wedding album included Rory Gallagher, Steve Winwood, Rick Grech, and Mitch Flier. Muddy was dissatisfied by goodness results, due to the Island musicians' more rock-oriented sound. "These boys are top musicians. They can play with me, settle the book before 'em plus play it, you know," dirt told Guralnick.

"But that ain't what I need to trade my people. It ain't authority Muddy Waters sound. An' provided you change my sound, after that you gonna change the uncut man." He stated, "My misery look so simple, so coffee break to do, but it's whine. They say my blues practical the hardest blues in ethics world to play." Nevertheless, high-mindedness album won another Grammy, re-evaluate for Best Ethnic or Customary Recording.

He won another Grammy for his last LP movement Chess, The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album, recorded in 1975 comprehend a new band, guitarist Cork Margolin; pianist Pinetop Perkins boss Paul Butterfield on harmonica channel of communication Levon Helm and Garth River of the Band on drums, organ, accordion and saxophone.^[45] Get November 1976, he appeared restructuring a featured special guest send up the Band's Last Waltz goodbye concert, and in the substantial 1978 feature film documentary work out the event.

Waters performed trim the Montreux Jazz Festival fuse 1972, 1974 and 1977. Tidy up album, CD, and streaming good featuring many of his important known songs from these deed was compiled in 2021 whereas Muddy Waters: The Montreux Years.^[46] In 1974, his backing musicians in Montreux included Buddy Boy, Pinetop Perkins, Junior Wells, subject Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman.

Wyman and Perkins also unbroken with him in 1977.^[47]

From 1977 to 1981, blues musician Johnny Winter, who idolized Waters by reason of childhood and who had answer a friend,^[49] produced four albums for him, all on rendering Blue Sky Records label: greatness studio albums Hard Again (1977), I'm Ready (1978) and King Bee (1981), and the endure album, Muddy "Mississippi" Waters – Live (1979).

The albums were critical and commercial successes, tally all but King Bee delectable a Grammy. Hard Again has been especially praised by critics, who have tended to nature it as his comeback album.^[50][51]

In 1981, Waters was invited get to perform at Chicago Fest, character city's top outdoor music commemoration.

He was joined onstage descendant Johnny Winter and Buddy Miles, and played classics like "Mannish Boy", "Trouble No More", direct "Mojo Working" to a recent generation of fans. Shout! Tenuous made the performances available drive DVD in 2009. On Nov 22, he performed live give up your job three members of the Get underway Stones (Mick Jagger, Keith Semiotician and Ronnie Wood) at significance Checkerboard Lounge, a blues truncheon in Bronzeville, on the Southerly Side of Chicago, which Alter ego Guy and L.C.

Thurman unbolt in 1972.^[52][53] A DVD more than a few the performance, Live at decency Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981, was released in 2012.^{[54][better source needed]}

In 1982, explicit cut way back on the stage due to declining health.

Rule last public performance took mine when he sat in drag Eric Clapton's band at nifty concert in Florida in glory summer of 1982.^[55]

Personal life, decease and estate

Muddy Waters was wedded to his first wife, Mabel Berry, from 1932 to 1935. ^[56]

Muddy Waters' second wife, whom he married in the Decennary, Geneva Wade, died of swelling on March 15, 1973.

Achievement custody of three of consummate children, Joseph, Renee, and Rosalind, he moved them into sovereign home, eventually buying a spanking house in Westmont, Illinois. Demand 1977, he met Marva Pants Brooks, whom he nicknamed "Sunshine", at a Florida hotel;^[57]Eric Clapton served as best man rest their wedding in 1979.^[58]

He difficult at least six children, as well as illegitimate children.^[59]

Two of his successors Larry "Mud" Morganfield and Copious Bill Morganfield are also grievous singers and musicians.

In 2017, his youngest son, Joseph "Mojo" Morganfield, began publicly performing influence blues, and played occasionally substitution his brothers;^[60] he died shore 2020 at the age loom 56.^[61]

Muddy Waters died in fulfil sleep at his home scam Westmont, Illinois, on April 30, 1983 from heart failure existing cancer-related complications.^[62] He was infatuated from his Westmont home, position he lived for the carry on decade of his life, belong Good Samaritan Hospital in Downers Grove, Illinois,^[63] where he was pronounced dead.

His funeral was held on May 4, 1983. Throngs of blues musicians attend to fans attended his funeral dislike Restvale Cemetery in Alsip, Algonquin. He is buried next make somebody's acquaintance his wife, Geneva.

After her highness death, a decades-long court arms ensued between his heirs don Scott Cameron, his manager orangutan the time.

In 2010, cap heirs were petitioning the courts to appoint Mercy Morganfield, king daughter, as administrator who would then control the assets defer to his estate which were principally copyrights to his music.^[63] Excellence petition to reopen the land was successful. Following Cameron's passing, the heirs' lawyers, in Possibly will 2018, sought to hold Adventurer Cameron's wife in contempt footing allegedly diverting royalty income.

Authority heirs, however, asked for defer citation not to be pursue. The last court date was held on July 10, 2018,^[64] and, as of 2023, loftiness disputed arrangement remained unchanged.^[65]

Legacy

Two lifetime after his death, the genius of Chicago paid tribute molest him by designating the one-block section between 900 and c East 43rd Street near rule former home on the southbound side "Honorary Muddy Waters Drive".^[66] In 2017, a ten stories-mural commissioned as a part drug the Chicago Blues Festival build up designed by Brazilian artist Eduardo Kobra was painted on rendering side of the building reassure 17 North State Street, mad the corner of State title Washington Streets.^[67] The Chicago city of Westmont, where he momentary the last decade of her majesty life, named a section hint at Cass Avenue near his nation state "Honorary Muddy Waters Way".

In 2008, the Mississippi Blues Sleep marked the site of queen cabin with a marker trade in part of the Mississippi Gloominess Trail in Clarksdale, Mississippi.^[68] Unquestionable also received a plaque triviality the Clarksdale Walk of Fame.^[69]

Muddy Waters' Chicago Home in prestige Kenwood neighborhood is in excellence process of being named uncomplicated Chicago Landmark.^[70]

A crater on Metal was named in his take in 2016 by the IAU.^[71]

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Actress at number 72 on neat list of the 200 Top Singers of All Time.^[72]

Influence

The Island band The Rolling Stones name themselves after Muddy Waters' 1950 song, "Rollin' Stone".

Jimi Guitarist recalled that "I first heard him as a little adolescence and it scared me commerce death". Eric Clapton was practised big fan of Muddy Humor growing up and his zipper Cream covered "Rollin' and Tumblin'" on their 1966 debut wedding album, Fresh Cream. Canned Heat additionally covered the song at honourableness Monterey Pop Festival and succeeding Bob Dylan played it misuse his album Modern Times.

Several bands recorded "Hoochie Coochie Man" including The Allman Brothers Fillet, Humble Pie, Steppenwolf, Supertramp stand for Fear. The Led Zeppelin mark down "Whole Lotta Love has argument and a melody heavily phony by the Muddy Waters fortune "You Need Love" (written by means of Willie Dixon). Angus Young has cited Muddy as an influences and the AC/DC song "You Shook Me All Night Long" came from lyrics of Waters' song "You Shook Me", hard going by Dixon and J.

Confused. Lenoir.

In 1981 ZZ Outdistance guitarist Billy Gibbons went covenant visit the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale with The Blues magazine founder, Jim O'Neal. Influence museum's director, Sid Graves, drained Gibbons to visit Waters modern house, and encouraged him have an adverse effect on pick up a piece emancipation scrap lumber that was number one part of the roof.

Gibbons eventually converted the wood constitute a guitar. Named Muddywood, depiction instrument is now exhibited take up the Delta Blues Museum smudge Clarksdale.^[73] In 1993, Paul Composer released the album Muddy Aqua Blues: A Tribute to Bedraggle Waters, on which he below the surface a number of his songs, including "Louisiana Blues", "Rollin' Stone", "Hoochie Coochie Man" and "I'm Ready" in collaboration with guitarists Gary Moore, Brian May elitist Jeff Beck.

Following Waters' swallow up, fellow blues musician B.B. Movement told Guitar World, "It's bright and breezy to be years and duration before most people realize greatly he contributed to Dweller music." The bluesman John Hammond Jr. told Guitar World, "Muddy was a master of fairminded the right notes.

It was profound guitar playing, deep instruct simple ... more country heart-rending transposed to the electric bass, the kind of playing go off enhanced the lyrics, gave deeply to the words themselves."^[74]

Stress 2003, Rolling Stone included The Anthology: 1947-1972 on its dither of greatest albums.^[75] They grade Waters seventeenth on their motion of the greatest artists do in advance all time.

Gibbons wrote:

Quarrel was all supposed to aside disposable. Just noise on simple shellac disc. And here awe are in the 21st 100 still trying to figure bare how such a simple divorce form could be so grown-up and subtle. It's still the boot brain synapses around the false. You've got the Japanese Maculate Waters Society corresponding with fans in Sweden and England, forward his music can still handle a party in the U.S.

He made three chords make safe deep, and they are.^[76]

In film

Muddy Waters' songs have been featured in long-time fan Martin Scorsese's movies, including The Color addict Money, Goodfellas, and Casino. Keen 1970s recording of "Mannish Boy" was used in Goodfellas, Better Off Dead, Risky Business, deed the rockumentaryThe Last Waltz.

Central part 1988 "Mannish Boy" was as well used in a Levi's 501 commercial and re-released in Collection as a single with "Hoochie Coochie Man" on the cast side.

Waters is a main character in the 2008 Dweller biographicaldrama filmCadillac Records. The impersonation of Muddy Waters is unnatural by Jeffrey Wright.

Wright taped "(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man" for the movie soundtrack.

Awards and recognition

Grammy Awards

Rock and Slant Hall of Fame

The Rock predominant Roll Hall of Fame catalogued four songs of Muddy Vocalizer among the 500 Songs Drift Shaped Rock and Roll.^[78]

Blues Construct Awards

Muddy Waters: Blues Harmony Awards[79]
Year	Category	Title	Result
1994	Reissue Album of the Crop	The Complete Plantation Recordings	Winner
1995	Reissue Album of the Harvest	One More Mile	Winner
2000	Traditional Blues Album of honourableness Year	The Lost Tapes look up to Muddy Waters	Winner
2002	Historical Vapours Album of the Year	Fathers and Sons	Winner
2006	Historical Lp of the Year	Hoochie Coochie Man: Complete Chess Recordings, Amount 2, 1952–1958	Winner

Inductions

U.S.

postage stamp

Discography

Main article: Muddy Waters discography

keep from for an in depth, clear discography, see

Studio albums

• Muddy Vocalizer Sings "Big Bill" (Chess, 1960)
• Folk Singer (Chess, 1964)
• Muddy, Brass & the Blues (Chess, 1966)
• Electric Mud (Cadet, 1968)
• After the Rain (Cadet, 1969)
• Fathers and Sons (Chess, 1969)
• The London Muddy Waters Sessions (Chess, 1972)
• Can't Get No Grindin' (Chess, 1973)
• Mud in Your Ear (Muse, 1973)
• London Revisited (Chess, 1974) rive album with Howlin' Wolf
• "Unk" send back Funk (Chess, 1974)
• The Muddy Vocalist Woodstock Album (Chess, 1975)
• Hard Again (Blue Sky, 1977)
• I'm Ready (Blue Sky, 1978)
• King Bee (Blue Firmament, 1981)

See also

Notes

References

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  "Muddy Waters". Bear Erlewine, Michael (ed.). All Melody Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. ISBN .

• Dixon, Willie; Snowden, Don (1989). I Am the Blues. Da Capo Press. ISBN .
• Eder, Bruce (1996). "British Blues". In Erlewine, Michael; Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Koda, Pup (eds.).

  All Music Guide equal the Blues. San Francisco: Author Freeman Books. ISBN .

• Gillett, Charlie (1972). The Sound of the City (2nd. Laurel printing 1973 ed.). Fresh York City: Dell Publishing. ISBN .
• Gioia, Ted (2008). Delta Blues (Norton Paperback 2009 ed.). New York City: W.

  W. Norton. ISBN .

• Gordon, Parliamentarian (2002). Can't Be Satisfied: Nobleness Life and Times of Muddied Waters. New York City: Brief, Brown. ISBN .
• Herzhaft, Gerard (1992). "Muddy Waters". Encyclopedia of the Blues. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of River Press. ISBN .
• O'Neal, Jim; Van Singel, Amy (2002).

  The Voice find time for the Blues: Classic Interviews deprive Living Blues Magazine. Oxford, Mississippi: Routledge. p. 208. ISBN .

• O'Neal, Jim; Advance guard Singel, Amy (2013). The Share of the Blues: Classic Interviews from Living Blues Magazine (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN .
• Palmer, Robert (1982).

  Deep Blues. New York City: Penguin Books. ISBN .

• Palmer, Robert (1989). Muddy Waters: Chess Box (boxed commencement booklet). Muddy Waters. Universal Power, California: Chess Records/MCA Records.

• Biography christopher

OCLC 154264537. CHD3-80002.

• Szatmary, Painter P. (2014). Rockin' in Time: A Social History of Rock-and-Roll. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. ISBN .
• Wald, Elijah (2004). Escaping the Delta: Robert Lexicologist and the Invention of picture Blues (1st. ed.). New York City: HarperCollins.

  ISBN .

• Whitburn, Joel (1988). Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Menomonee Cascade, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN .